Kategori: United Nations

Kvinnor i media

De senare åren har vårt samhälle blivit mer och mer jämställt. År 1995 som FN kom överens om Pekingplattformen, som är ett tilläggsdokument till FN:s kvinnokonvention. Pekingplattformen syftade på att påskynda jämställdhetsarbetet i hela världen. Bland annat var en av de tolv punkter som togs upp kvinnor och medier. Tanken med punkten är att medlemsländerna skall jobba för kvinnors tillgång till, deltagande och positiva framställning i medier.

En anledning till varför det är så stor skillnad på andelen kvinnor jämfört med män i mediekanaler som TV, radio och tidningar grundar sig i flera olika orsaker. Män har länge haft mer makt inom samhället, både från politiska och ekonomiska håll. Det är således inte bara en ojämställdhet inom media utan det finns andra faktorer som spelar in som påverkar just den obalans som finns i media idag.

Tittar vi på de olika kategorierna i media är kvinnor mest synliga inom nöje och kultur. Andra kategorier som sport, nyheter, politik och ekonomi m.fl, är det män som är i fokus. Problemet med detta är att kvinnor som intervjuas i media istället intervjuas som ett offer eller som en privatperson, istället för expert inom det specifika ämnet som nyheten handlar om.

Kvinnor har i flera år klassats som passiva och mer känslosamma än män, vilket skapat uppfattade meningar på kvinnors beteenden och kunskaper. Trots det finns det ingenting som säger att kvinnor är mindre kompetenta än vad män är. Det har också varit obalans gällande utseende och bilder, speciellt ur ett medieperspektiv. Helt generellt har kvinnor klassats som attraktionskraft via ett bildperspektiv, där män istället uppfattats som modiga och bestämda. Det är också därför vi oftast ser kvinnor inom nöje eller kultur, istället för sportnyheter eller politik.

I Sverige är det dock en bättre balans än i andra länder i världen, då vi här kan se en ökning av kvinnor varje år som går. Dock är denna ökning marginell. Vid en undersökning 2018 framkom det att endast 32,1 % av de offentliga personer som visas i nyhetsportaler är kvinnor. Det betyder att bara tre av tio personer är av det kvinnliga könet, medan de andra sju av tio personerna är män.

Även om siffran bara ökat några få marginaler de senaste åren, kan vi iallafall se en ökning uppåt. Trots att det är en låg siffra kan vi bara hoppas på att den blir mer jämställd inom kort.

Vill du engagera dig i kvinnors rättigheter? I så fall rekommenderar jag amnesty som driver många projekt för att förbättra kvinnors rättigheter världen över.

Women united

Women in the Executive Suite Correlate to High Profits

An extensive 19-year study of 215 Fortune 500 firms shows a strong correlation between a strong record of promoting women into the executive suite and high profitability. Three measures of profitability were used to demonstrate that the 25 Fortune 500 firms with the best record of promoting women to high positions are between 18 and 69 percent more profitable than the median Fortune 500 firms in their industries.

Women in the Executive Suite Correlate to High Profits

The glass ceiling issue is one of the most emotional managerial issues of the past decade. Although a great deal of anecdotal evidence exists, there has been very little empirical work to support even the most basic contentions concerning the issue. One of the areas most in need of evidence involves profitability. It is alleged that firms that have had a good track record of promoting women to the executive suite have found that practice to have been profitable, but there is little empirical evidence that the assertion is, in fact, true.
In order to test that assertion, we evaluated the record of 215 Fortune 500 firms concerning the inclusion of women in the executive suite for the 19-year period from 1980 to 1998. A point system was devised, and the top 25 firms for women were then evaluated on three different measures of profitability relative to the median Fortune 500 firms in their industries for 1998. All three measures demonstrated that higher scores were correlated to higher profitability.

Previous Studies

Since the mid-1980s, advocates for women have worked hard to convince the business world that women are as capable as men in high executive positions, and that their inclusion in the executive suite would contribute greatly to the success of a company. The pioneering book in this area was Morrison et al.’s Breaking the Glass Ceiling, which brought the term ”glass ceiling” into the lexicon in 1987. This work was based on interviews with 76 executive women, and was qualitative in nature.

Other books followed. John Naisbitt argued that the presence of women in upper levels of the organization would be beneficial, and Driscoll and Goldberg used in- depth interviews to examine the lives of senior women executives. Helgesen argued that women have a largely untapped advantage in leadership style and that women’s leadership styles transform organizations, but none of these excellent books reported quantitative evidence of profitability.

The Fact-Finding Report of the Glass Ceiling Commission was a report of the perceptions of women in the workplace, and did not attempt to connect the presence of high-ranking women executives to profitability for their corporations. Furchtgott-Roth and Stolba provided a guide to the economic progress of women and, since 1985, the advocacy group Catalyst has issued over 30 excellent research reports on various aspects of progress for women, but none of them have addressed the issue of profitability with empirical evidence.

There are at least three reasons why the study was not attempted earlier. First, there have been only a handful of firms with women in upper level positions, so that it was difficult to make a valid statistical comparison between the very small number of firms with influential women and the huge number of firms without them. Expanding the base number of women-friendly firms was not easy because it was very difficult to learn which firms had women in the executive suite at levels just below the very visible positions of President or CEO. Finally, although longitudinal data is widely regarded as the most solid, it is not often done because the data is very difficult and time consuming to collect.

Fortune 500 Data

Our study took advantage of a very large base of Fortune 500 data we collected for the period 1980 to 1998. The study began in 1992, when each Fortune 500 firm was invited to supply us with data about the number of women in their top 10 executive positions, the next 10 executive positions, and the Board of Directors for each year since 1980. Names and positions were provided for validation, with the assurance that they would not be published. Subsequent data sweeps were conducted in 1995 and 1998.

These efforts have resulted in data for an average of 215 Fortune 500 firms for every year from 1980 to 1998. The longitudinal nature of the database allows us to compare the data for any year with any other year since 1980, and allows the historical performance of any responding firm to be studied on a variety of measures.

The Scoring System

Once we tabulated these data, we devised a system to score each firm on their record for promoting women to the executive suite. We weighted the pioneering efforts of firms in the years 1980 to 1992 heavier than the efforts in later years. Two points were assigned for each woman in a ”top 10” executive position for the years to 1992, with one point for later years. One point was assigned for each woman in the ”next 10” positions to 1992, and one half point for later years. One point was given for each woman on the Board of Directors for the early years, and one half point for subsequent years. Scores were summed and firms were ranked in order. The 31 firms that scored the highest (the top one-seventh) were then evaluated for profitability. Because the survey had guaranteed anonymity to responding firms, we regret that those firms cannot be named here.

Four Evaluations of Profitability

Because different industries might prefer to use different measures of profitability, three measures of profitability were used to evaluate each of the firms. Profits as a percent of
revenues, assets, and stockholders’ equity were recorded for each firm, based on data from the 1999 Fortune 500 list. In like manner, the equivalent figures for the median Fortune 500 firm in each firm’s industry were recorded. Six of the firms did not have data available for 1999 and were discarded, leaving 25 firms. The figures for the 25 remaining firms were then summed, and a mean number calculated. The same was done for the industry medians.

In addition, a fourth measure of profitability was taken. We determined whether the each subject firm was higher or lower than its industry median counterpart. This was done in order to expose the potential situation whereby strong figures for one dominating firm might obscure a general trend in the opposite direction for the majority of women-friendly firms within an industry.

Results

The results showed a clear pattern. Fortune 500 firms with a high number of women executives outperformed their industry median firms on all three measures. Furthermore, the firms with the very best scores for promoting women were consistently more profitable than those whose scores were merely very good.

On the measure of profits as a percent of revenues, the 25 subject firms outperformed the corresponding industry medians by 34 percent. The women- friendly firms averaged 6.4 percent while the average of their industry medians was 4.8 percent. When taken individually, almost two-thirds of the subject firms (66%) outperformed their median counterparts.

On the measure of profits as a percent of assets, the 25 subject firms outperformed the industry medians by 18 percent. The women-friendly firms averaged 6.5 percent while the average of their industry medians was 5.5 percent. When taken individually, 62 percent of the subject firms outperformed their median counterparts.

On the measure of profits as a percent of stockholders’ equity, the 25 firms outperformed the industry medians by 69 percent. The women-friendly firms averaged 26.5 percent while the average of their industry medians was 15.7 percent. When taken individually, 68 percent of the subject firms outperformed their median counterparts.

The diligent reader will note that the results might be sensitive to the number of firms included in the analysis. If one were to limit the subject firms to only the ”top 10 firms” for women (or ”top 15 firms” or ”top 20 firms”), the results would be somewhat different. In fact, further analysis showed a direction consistent with the basic conclusion that firms with a stronger record of promoting women are more profitable.

In other words, the results of the ”top 25 firms” that are featured in this study are very conservative. The results would be even more dramatic if a smaller set of only the most friendly firms for women had been highlighted.

Indicated Action

It is important to note that the correlation does not prove causality. While it could be concluded that a firm’s long-term record of promoting women to high positions results in higher than normal profitability, it could also be argued that firms with higher profitability may feel freer to experiment with the promotion of women to high levels.

One intriguing additional explanation is that firms exhibit higher profitability because their top executives have probably made smarter decisions. One of the smart decisions that those executives have made is to include women in the executive suite, so that the best brains are available to continue making smart, and profitable, decisions for the firm.

However one interprets the data, it is clear from multiple measures that there is a positive correlation between the existence of larger numbers of women in the executive suite and higher than normal profitability within an industry. Wise executives might well keep this evidence in mind as they consider promoting talented individuals to the executive suite.

References

Catalyst [1990]. Women in Corporate Management. Catalyst, New York. Various other studies are available from www.catalystwomen.org.

Driscoll, Dawn-Marie and Carol R. Goldberg [1993]. Members of the Club: the coming of age of executive women. The Free Press, New York.

Fortune [1999]. ”The Fortune 500” vol.139 no. 8. April 26, 1999.